Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) have generated more land-use controversy than most rural areas have seen in decades. They often locate in communities that lack the planning and zoning tools to deal with their impacts. Matters are often complicated by state laws limiting local zoning authority over agriculture. This report examines the regulatory options open to rural communities, the practical challenges of acquiring needed expertise to evaluate proposed uses, and the environmental and social impacts that can be expected from this industry. It offers regulatory alternatives for local communities based on the realities of their own legal and enforcement capacities.